This included: 1) the Act of Supremacy which stated that Elizabeth was Head of the Church, 2) the Act of Uniformity which set out expectations for church appearances and church services and 3) Royal Injunctions a set of instructions reinforcing the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. [This last point is important and often students dont embrace the anomalies for fear that it will undermine their argument. Their complete failure effectively ended any threat Spain posed to the English. After inheriting the throne from her sister Mary I, Elizabeth was 300,000 in debt. However, the Catholic Church bans divorce which presented a problem for Henry as he could not legally get rid of Catherine. ( Public Domain ) Henry VIII was succeeded by his son Edward VI who reigned for a mere six years before succumbing to tuberculosis at the age of 15. However, the Dutch had always governed themselves. Many reasons led to discontent between Spain and England. It was estimated that Drake returned with approximately 400,000 of Spanish treasure from regular raids of Spanish ports in South America. This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. However, she was fearful of the presence of Spain in the Netherlands, who were busy putting down the Dutch Revolt from 1566 under the command of the Duke of Alba. In 1568, a final blow came when some Spanish ships were blown off course into English waters, and the English seized them. This meant that Elizabeth was declared illegitimate as her claim to the throne comes through the marriage of Anne to Henry. One fact that should not be ignored from 1566 was the increasing role of the Pope and his determination to undermine Elizabeth. The most important reason however was a combination of Marys arrival and the Popes interference. This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. 1534 Duke of Angoulme (third son of Francis I)c1542 A Prince of Portugal1543 Son of the Earl of Arran 1544 Prince Philip (Philip II) 1547 Sir Thomas Seymour 1552 Prince of Denmark 1553 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire 1554 Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy 1554 Prince of Denmark 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden 1556 Don Carlos (son of Philip II)1559 Philip II 1559 Prince Eric of Sweden 1559 Son of John Frederic, Duke of Saxony 1559 Sir William Pickering 1559 Earl of Arran 1559 Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel 1559 Robert Dudley 1560 King Eric of Sweden 1560 Adolphus, Duke of Holstein 1560 King Charles IX 1560 Henry, Duke of Anjou 1566 Robert Dudley 1568 Archduke Charles 1570 Henry Duke of Anjou 1572- 1584 Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Anjou. However, the settlement was abandoned and no trace of the colonists was ever found. Edward was succeeded by Mary, who in turn ruled for five years until her death in 1558. They Schools can qualify for all our resources for free. [Relative comparison made to inform the judgement here shows instantly criteria are being established, helping to signpost the rest of the answer.]. Her arrival and ultimate house arrest were the result of her having to flee Scotland. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). West Yorkshire, The Netherlands had been part of the Spanish empire since the 1550s. Those who refused this were sent to prison. Can I give a retake in the feb/march if I had given my exams in the may/June series. Queen Elizabeth and King Phillip II were still reluctant to openly declare war with one another however, in 1585, this changed due to dispute over the Netherlands. Elizabeth I faced more difficulties as a monarch than any other Tudor. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeths role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. The lack of money was problematic because it meant England was potentially vulnerable to attack (and Elizabeth had no means by which to defend the country militarily). Humiliatingly, Elizabeth had to confirm the loss of Calais, which had been an English possession since 1347. J. [A range of examples and wide-ranging knowledge really help explore the extent of this problem facing Elizabeth.]. King Phillip II had been married to Queen Mary I of England and the two had been allies in a war against France in the 1550s. One was debt. Elizabeth faced many problems upon her accession to her throne in 1558 and, whilst the question of legitimacy was important, the immediate concerns of debt, as well as the threat from France and Scotland were of far greater significance as they instantly impacted upon her ability to rule. threats did Elizabeth face in 1558? Become a Member | Queen Elizabeth has confiscated large portions of land from the Earl of Northumberland and given it his main rivals in the north and south who were both Protestant. However, to say therefore increasing involvement was the responsibility of Elizabeth alone would be wrong. Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. Foreign threat: Spain and France were the most powerful countries in Europe and were Catholic. During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. The Spanish sailed as far north as Scotland to make sure they did not regroup and return to collect Parmas army. One factor Elizabeth had to face, which was seen as a huge disadvantage, was her gender. This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. Spain had colonies in North and South America and Englands trade with them was very profitable, but foreigners needed a license to trade there. Naval support by the English proved to be more effective for the Dutch rebels and a fleet of English ships patrolled the Dutch coastline to prevent the Spanish from landing some of their forces by sea. Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. The strength of this relationship was shown by the fact that French troops were stationed on the English and Scottish border. In response to the Throckmorton Plot, Elizabeths advisors drafted the Bond of Association, which was aimed at deterring any further plots. The plan was discovered and the Earls feared being executed for treason, so in a desperate attempt to escape punishment, they rebelled against Elizabeth and tried to overthrow her. - Quite a significant political threat as both France and Spain had the power to invade England. Overview of Elizabeth I / Her early life was full of uncertainties, and her chances of succeeding to the throne seemed very slight once her half-brother Edward was born in 1537. In April 1587, Drake sailed to Cadiz and began attacking the anchored ships there. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. Cleopatra, Queen Victoria and many more. Elizabeth had also reduced the power of the northern nobles and increased her own control over the north through the Council of the North, which helped govern the area. The death of Spains leading admiral, Santa Cruz, in February 1588, led to the appointment of the inexperienced Duke of Medina Sidonia to lead the Spanish Armada. England had lost the last of her territories in France during the reign of Mary, when Calais was lost. The use of fireships by the British exposed this weakness. August 8th: Battle of Gravelines fireships caused the Spanish fleet to scatter. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. Pick a key scene from the story and tell it from the third-person limited point of view, through Doodle's senses and feelings. Mary, Queen of Scots had been linked to Catholic plots before, but Elizabeth had always been reluctant to take any action against her. Topic guides / Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." In 1581, Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain and established a Dutch republic. Led by two powerful Catholic landowners, Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland, this rebellions principal aims included the restoration of Catholicism to England, as well as the installation of Mary as Queen of England. However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. Time line for foreign policy 1559- 1571. The first question to ask yourself when revising for GCSE psychology is which exam board am I studying? The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. By instinct, Elizabeth was a The Spanish responded by doing the same to the English. Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland was part of the rebellion against Queen Elizabeth. Spains forces in the Netherlands mutinied (as they hadnt been paid by the now bankrupt Spanish government). his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. She was reluctant to execute Mary as she was Queen of Scotland and she believed in Divine Right that rulers were sent by God to govern their country. Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. Foreign prince candinates would all be Catholic. The plot failed as it was discovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeths principal secretary and spymaster, who placed Throckmorton under surveillance for several months. Elizabeth I - the last Tudor monarch - was born at Greenwich on 7 September 1533, the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Apple Ordered to Pay Optis Wireless $300 Million in Second LTE Patent Trial. 2) This war was not a success. The plan was then for the combined forces would then sail across the Channel to England under the protection of the Armadas warships. Born the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn on 7 September 1533, Elizabeth's right to rule as queen of England never went unchallenged. Abroad, however, was another matter as Marys execution inflamed Catholic opposition and increased the threat of foreign invasion. Phillip II of Spain was reluctant to destroy his alliance with Elizabeth and therefore his support for the plots were heart-hearted. She managed these difficulties with great pragmatism and opportunism, reducing the threat of invasion. Am I doing my History A-Level coursework correctly? Company Reg no: 04489574. Not many Englishmen were granted licenses and therefore Elizabeth would encourage privateers, men who sailed their own ships, to trade illegally with the Spanish colonies. This delayed the Spanish attack and gave the English more time to prepare (hence the attempted invasion of the Armada one year later in 1588). Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. English sailors land at Roanoke to find it abandoned. In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. Elizabeth I: a biography. The invasion failed, however. Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. The Northern Earls were unhappy and rebelled for several reasons: The Revolt of the Northern Earls was arguably the most serious rebellion during Elizabeths reign and presented a threat for a number of reasons: During the 1570s and 1580s, there were several plots by Catholics to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots. Elizabeth had also claimed all the profits from copper mines that were discovered in his estates which meant he lost a significant amount of money too. The Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, could rally support for these plots and for some Catholics, obeying the Pope was more important than obedience to Elizabeth. It was a turning point: the rest of Elizabeth's reign was bedevilled by plots and rumours of Catholic rebellion. Use your outline Europe. Francis Drake led an attack at Cadiz on the Spanish fleet, who were preparing for an invasion of the English. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. In all, whilst the Catholic threat was increased through Elizabeths interference with the Dutch revolt, as it incurred the anger of the Spanish, it was Mary Queen of Scots presence that emboldened the Catholic threat. The Catholic threat Many Catholics in England were not happy with Elizabeth's Settlement. There are 4 main exam boards used in the UK. By spring 1588, the Spanish Armada was complete and King Phillip was ready to launch his, The Armada was a huge fleet consisting of, The Spanish also had thousands of more soldiers stationed in the Netherlands under the command of the. Marriage to a foreign prince would ensure a foreign alliance and would have strengthened England against threats from abroad. In Europe, the 1570s saw some of the worst atrocities of the protracted fall-out of the Reformation. The English were worried about the threat of invasion and they attacked the Spanish ships as they sailed along the Channel, but the Armada was so strong that most of the ships reached Calais safely. In 1570, Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth, encouraging Catholics everywhere to rise up and depose the heretic queen. Edward was born on 12 October 1537 in his mother's room inside Hampton Court Palace, in Middlesex. Roberto Ridolfi was a spy of the Pope. (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . From 1574, with the help of the Pope, Catholic priests were also being smuggled into England to continue the spread of the Catholic faith. Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland was part of the Rising in the North in 1569. Stimulus = Anne Boleyn / The threat from France, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. The powerful countries in Europe at that time - France and Spain - were Catholic and the plots against Elizabeth often . Apply for student finance without a bank account? Boston Spa, Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. This meant her ability to govern from the outset was immediately hampered. Englands victory over the Spanish navy in 1588 contributed to their development as a strong naval power to rival Spain. The Spanish attempted to regroup at Gravelines, however, the weather made it impossible for them to reform their defensive crescent formation which opened up an opportunity for the English to intercept and attack. Looking back at historical examples, it might be because they did a . In 1558, England lost its final possession - the port of Calais - in France. This caused panic among the Spanish sailors, who cut their anchor cables and broke their defensive formation as they headed for the open sea. Marys presence in England posed an on-going threat as she had a strong claim to the throne herself. Pope refused to accept the divorce and marriage and as a result Catholics in England in 1558 did not accept Elizabeth as a legitimate monarch. He was the son of King Henry VIII by his third wife, Jane Seymour.Throughout the realm, the people greeted the birth of a male heir, "whom we hungered for so long", with joy and relief. There were French troops in Scotland, and this posed a problem for Elizabeth and the security of England because England was still technically at war with France. Philip II and the Pope supported the plot that would involve the invasion of England by the Duke of Guise. Mary served as a permanent reminder at home and abroad that there was a legitimate Catholic heir to the throne and, with the Popes blessing, willing Catholic rebels could convince themselves they were doing Gods work. Marys clear awareness and support of the Babington plot led to her being sentenced to death in October 1586. . Catholic priests were ordered to leave so as not to influence the English Catholics with divided loyalties. She replaced her Catholic half-sister Mary, who died childless. Moreover, to raise money Elizabeth would have to make the immediately-unpopular decision of raising taxes, the permission for which would need to be granted by parliament (which, in turn, could then make further demands on Elizabeth). During the 1570s, England was starting to have ambitions of establishing an empire of its own and had hoped to become an imperial power that could rival Spain. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st explanation. This plot was supported by the Pope and King Phillip II, who agreed to provide troops for a Spanish invasion. [The importance of dates and chronology help demonstrate the long- term impact of Marys presence, which helps support the initial judgement.]. This risked provoking King Phillip further and to avoid this, Elizabeth forced Dudley to resign his position immediately. In July, the Spanish fleet was seen off Cornwall and signal fires known as beacons were lit along the south coast to send the news to the Elizabeth who was in London. Boston Spa, By the end of Elizabeths reign, the navy was also playing an important role in settling up an English colony in North America. How much is the average salary for an overseas dentist? Throughout her reign, Elizabeth was engaged in expensive financial issues, especially foreign policy. In 1584, the rebel leader, William the Silent was assassinated, and the Dutch resistance was at risk of defeat. Another serious contender was Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Duke of Anjou. One way in which Mary was central to the Catholic threat was through her part in various plots to overthrow Elizabeth. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! In 1565 the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire proposed that Elizabeth marry Archduke Charles of Austria. he could also overthrow her. The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. This aimed to ensure poor relief was collected. Importantly though, the arrival of Mary Queen of Scots in England did more to embolden the threat of Catholicism. Elizabeth had reinstated Protestantism as the official religion of England when she inherited the throne, but that did not mean that there were not still Catholics residing in the country.
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