Control condition. These Ss were hired for one dollar to tell a waiting S that tasks, which were really rather dull and boring, were interesting, enjoyab1e, and lots of fun. 2. Which situation would be last likely to result in a decrease of prejudice? $20 in the 1950s was equivalent to over $100 now. They will decide they wanted to do it anyway, or that maybe it was a good idea, in retrospect. One would then expect no differences at all among the three conditions. A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all groups members get the same grade. From this point on, the procedure for all three conditions was once more identical. 1 Three Ss (one in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) refused to take the money and refused to be hired.
All experimental Ss in both One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions were asked, after this explanation, to return the money they had [p. 207] been given. Please select the correct language below. 60 0 obj Mental patterns that represent what a person believes about certain types of people are called________. the majority would administer 450 volts as instructed. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. Actually this finding by Kelman is consistent with the theory we will outline below but, for a number of reasons is not conclusive. Would the subject have any desire to participate in another similar experiment? Research has found that the view that opposites attract, According to Sternberg, love consists of intimacy, passion, and, Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love says that companionate love consists of, Karen intentionally tries to hurt Lisa by spreading rumors about her. Festinger observed that the subjects were put in a psychologically uncomfortable position. On the other hand, people paid only $1 were more likely to say, when asked later, that the experiment was "not bad" or that it was "interesting.". The results, according to the researchers, display the cognitive dissonance phenomenon. He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably someone else in the crowd who is a doctor or nurse and who can provide better assistance. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). Oct. 2011. 59 0 obj ---------------------References: When her boyfriend refuses, she asks, "Well, will you at least wash the dishes then?" From this point on they diverged somewhat. Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. The people with whom a person identifies most strongly are called the________. 1. Deception is the cornerstone of the experiment conceived by Leon Festinger in the year 1959. "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. As can be readily seen in Table 1, there are only negligible differences among conditions. In Sternberg's model, intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present in, The area of the brain that controls aggressive responses is the, Zimbardo's prison experiment lasted only five days because, of the extreme effect it was having on the participants, Ryan sees a woman collapse in the mall. The remaining subjects were asked to take the place of an experimenter, if they would want to. Why this might have been the case is, of course, not immediately apparent. A woman argues that it is morally wrong to kill animals for food becomes upset when she is asked to explain why she is wearing a leather belt and leather shoes. I'm sure you'll enjoy it." They were told that the study aims to evaluate these experiments to help them improve these in the future. One Dollar condition. How can you get someone to like you, according to Ben Franklin?
2018 12 5 1544039025 | Free Essay Examples | EssaySauce.com Thus, if the overt behavior was brought about by, say, offers of reward or threats of punishment, the magnitude of dissonance is maximal if these promised rewards or threatened punishments were just barely sufficient to induce the person to say "not X." Cognitive dissonance is at the heart of this insidious prejudice, write Berit Brogaard and Dimitria Gatzia. }. According to the bystander effect, Leshan is more likely to get help if there is (are)______. Sandy loves to play pool and has become quite good at the game.
/Linearized 1.0 endobj /ImageB Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. The fact that a social role can lead to an increase in aggressive behavior points to _____as a major contributor to aggression. Chris is showing, Carol is told by a police officer to move her car, and she does so. stream He then said: The E then took the S into the secretary's office where he had previously waited and where the next S was waiting. ", 3. Which of the following statements about stereotypes is FALSE? So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. 52 0 obj From our point of view the experiment had hardly started. The E then removed the tray and spools and placed in front of the S a board containing 48 square pegs. It enabled us to measure the opinions of our Ss in a context not directly connected with our experiment and in which we could reasonably expect frank and honest expressions of opinion. (The secretary had left the office.) First published in Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. Which of the following researchers conducted a series of studies on conformity that involved having a subject judge the length of three lines after a group of confederates all reported an obviously incorrect answer? It implies that if you want to change attitudes, all you have to do is change behavior, and the attitudes will follow along. Eddie has made the _________. Jeff is assuming a, Cheryl got a bad grade on her test, which she attributes to the fact that she had to work overtime throughout the week and so could not study as much as usual. This means you're free to copy, share and adapt any parts (or all) of the text in the article, as long as you give appropriate credit and provide a link/reference to this page. if( window.canRunAds === undefined ){ The influence of role-playing on opinion change. Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. Then, identify the underlined modifier by writing P for positive degree, C for comparative degree, or S for superlative degree.
Social Psychology (Chapter 4) Flashcards | Quizlet The resulting dissonance could, of course, most directly be reduced by persuading themselves that the tasks were, indeed, interesting and enjoyable. they shifted their attitudes and perceived the task as more enjoyable In teacher Jane Elliot's classic study, the most startling finding was that the______. show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do, stanford uni students were asked to do simple, boring tasks for an hour and the researchers timed them with a stopwatch and took notes to make it seem as if the task was important, the participants were given either $1 or $20 to tell another student that the task was fun, there was a clear difference of opinion in the follow up interview. The highest t value for any of these differences is only 0.48. A concrete example involves the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s in the United States.
Festinger & Carlsmith Cognitive dissonance consequences of forced The text in this article is licensed under the Creative Commons-License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). startxref (Goleman, 1991) Specifically, subjects were asked to put spools onto and then off the try with the use of only one hand for half an hour, and then for the next half hour, turn square pegs clockwise in quarter turns, and then start all over again once the whole cycle's been finished for all 48 square pegs. If you need instructions for turning off common ad-blocking programs, click here. Festinger's theory said that when a person holds contradictory elements in cognition (producing an unpleasant state called dissonance) the person will work to bring the elements back into agreement or congruence. Leon Festinger introduced cognitive dissonance theory in a 1957 book, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. If you already know how to turn off your ad blocker, just hit the refresh icon or F5 after you do it, to see the page. C. She knew she had to find something that she was interested in. Cindy formed her attitude about peas through the process of, A person tries to change the belief, opinion, or course of action of another person through, People can reduce cognitive dissonance by, forming new cognitions to justify their behavior, Justin walks into the morning meeting 15 minutes late. Cite details from the essay that support your response.
PDF COGNITIVE DISSONANCE - University of Arizona Social Researcher. Those who were paid $1 were forced to rationalize their own judgments and convinced themselves that what they were doing is enjoyable because they had no other justification. Cognitive dissonance is when we experience conflicting thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes. You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. Imagine you are a participant in a famous experiment staged by the creative Festinger and his student J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959). JANIS, I.L. Studies have found the degree of conformity to be greater in_______ cultures. Festinger, L. (1957). Rating scale 0 to 10. These made them question what the real purpose of the study is. 47 0 obj 112 At the beginning of the Festinger and Carlsmith experiment, student volunteers were asked to perform a simple and boring task. Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. This person has two cognitions which, psychologically, do not fit together: one of these is the knowledge that he believes "X," the other the knowledge that he has publicly stated that he believes "not X." In this study, research participants were asked to spend an hour completing boring tasks (for example, repeatedly loading spools onto a tray). Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. 0000001035 00000 n What is the Sacrifice Trap? Alex, who is in the honors program, failed to do his share of the work on the group project with his four classmates. You don't need our permission to copy the article; just include a link/reference back to this page. Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). It was explained to them that the Department of Psychology is conducting the study and they are therefore required to serve in the experiments. Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959), in which participants were paid either a large or small sum of money to tell an innocent stranger that the boring, tedious task you had just completed was really enjoyable and very interesting. 0000000015 00000 n While it is true that the experiment took place in the 50s, the results are still being recognized up to this date.
According to Sternberg, married (committed) people who also have intimacy and passion are in the form of love called______love. "Look, Officer, I didn't see the stop sign back there because the sun was in my eyes" The police officer responds, "You were not paying attention." 2. Method In their laboratory experiment, they used 71 male students as participants to perform a series of dull tasks (such as turning pegs in a peg board for an hour). A. Nicole practiced diligently with her mom. Most of our subjects tell us afterward that they found it quite interesting You get a chance to see how you react to the tasks and so forth." B. The difference between the One Dollar condition (+1.20) and the Control condition (-.62) is significant at the .08 level (t = 1.78). _____ is the attitude about members of a particular social group and _____ is the behavior that can result from that attitude. gsKkaO\Cw`c L J=x8;zy\kd7vHzl=1~6}4=m_IQfKn[3Mqwp0uyM-P:. 0000000974 00000 n
Procedure - Festinger and Carlsmith Study Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. >> Let us review these briefly: 1. Recently, Festinger (1957) bas proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance. In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task . 2. endobj John was late to class, and his friend Eddie assumes that John simply doesn't care about being on time. These Ss were treated identically in all respects to the Ss in the experimental conditions, except that they were never asked to, and never did, tell the waiting girl that the experimental tasks were enjoyable and lots of fun. The students presumably put some effort into building and defending their arguments. We wish to thank Leonard Hommel, Judson Mills, and Robert Terwilliger for their help in designing and carrying out the experiment. The concept of aggression as a basic human instinct driving people to destructive acts was part of early_____theory. When they were asked to lie about how they truly feel about the task, they force themselves to feel what they were induced to feel and express. Let us then see what can be said about the total magnitude of dissonance in a person created by the knowledge that he said "not X" and really believes "X." He did this for one-half hour. One of the major weaknesses of the data is that not all subjects in the experiment made an overt statement contrary to their private opinion in order to obtain the offered reward. The questions are as follows: As may be seen, the questions varied in how directly relevant they were to what the S had told the girl. The mean ratings for the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions, averaging the ratings of the two independent raters, are presented in Table 2. In order to teach her second grade students about ______, teacher Jane Elliot created in-groups and out-groups based on the superficial characteristic of eye color. These recordings were transcribed and then rated, by two independent raters, on five dimensions. Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. After completing the tasks, the participants were asked to persuade another student (who were already informed of the experiment confederates) into agreeing to participate. << The "Robber's Cave" experiment showed the value of _____in combating prejudice. In evaluating the total magnitude of dissonance one must take account of both dissonances and consonances. The group most likely to become a scapegoat is the group. Half of the 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with "Measures of Performance.". Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. 2. The behavioral component of prejudice is______. Two Ss (both in the One Dollar condition) told the girl that they had been hired, that the experiment was really boring but they were supposed to say it was fun. In a crowded mall parking lot, dozens of people hear a female voice yell, "He's killing me!" The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. Leon Festinger and James M. Carlsmith (1959) conducted an experiment entitled "Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance". Maria's fellow professor asked her to teach an honors class in the spring. Prejudice, s Stereotypes are defined as particular beliefs or assumptions about a human being based on their association with a group (Spielman, 2014, p.225). 2. When members of a cult are trying to enlist a new recruit, they start by asking the recruit to make a small commitment, such as attending a short meeting or helping out at a social function.