australian female painters of the 20th century australian female painters of the 20th century

After her death, however, the artist's extensive and impressive oeuvre fell into oblivion for the time being. Works of art in Part One will make way for a new presentation that continues to propose alternative histories, challenge stereotypes and celebrate the achievements of over 250 artists. Message. Square cloud compound draws on the history of Cockatoo Island, a site which since colonisation has operated as a prison and an institutional home for young women. Printmaking has been an important and respected art form in Australia since the late 19th century, with painters such as Tom Roberts and Julian Ashton making etchings as a small, but significant, part of their practice. Review. Leonora Carrington (British-Mexican, 1917-2011) An artist and novelist known for her surrealist work, Leonora Carrington was born in the United Kingdom and studied painting at the Chelsea School of. Her favorite themes were empty landscapes, portraits and still lifes. He went on to explore painting, tapestry, engraving, murals, caricature, mosaic, azulejo and stained glass. Celebrating Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775-1851) arrival in Cornwall 1811 including his engravings of East and West Looe, Pendennis Castle, and Saltash. In 2010 Australian designers Cami James and Nadia Napreychikov established DI$COUNT UNIVER$E and began creating fashion informed by social, political and feminist ideas. Modern Australian Women By Dr Maria Quirk. Colour was key, and its formal and emotional qualities were used to create art that favoured idea and feeling above literal depiction. Bequest of the artist 1951, Grace Cossington Smith, The Bridge in building, 1929, Gift of Ellen Waugh 2005, Dorrit Black, The bridge, 1930, Collection: Art Gallery of South Australia, Adelaide. "Arts and Country and environment are all one". In 1972 . Leba Bovard (ne Karpin) 1917-1976, remembered as one of the 20th Century Australian Women Painters. Seeking to capture the spirit of the new age, printmakers sought new ways of expressing values that were reshaping the cities and towns. Many female artists are still unknown despite creating literal industry-changing masterpieces. Pioneers such as the 19th century Heidelberg School protested and finally by the early 20th century it became acceptable to incorporate realistic naked figures in their works. One of the first women to paint still life studies, her paintings were popular. Archive the archive is inspired by the life and work of Philippa Cullen, a performance artist, dancer and choreographer who sought to generate sound through the movement of the body using theremin and early electronica. In the early twentieth century, artists including Agnes Goodsir and Bessie Davidson found support outside of Australia, particularly in France, where they were able to live in creative communities, free from expectations of marriage and other heterosexual norms. Jane. In addition to childcare services and respite from domestic violence, dedicated womens spaces, including the South Sydney Womens Centre, offered screen-printing classes. Her work has a definitely pop art feel without the cheesiness. AGNSW collection Ethel Spowers Wet afternoon 1929-1930. AGNSW collection Vera Blackburn Pattern 1936. He was a lifelong supporter of modernism in Australia through his work as an artist and critic. Despite the originality of her art, Cullen is now little known, having died prematurely at the age of 25 in the mid-1970s. Brett Whiteley 1. Rosa Bonheur (1822-1899) "The Highland Shepherd," by Rosa Bonheur, 1859. An I am sure you agree that her oil, Obstruction, Box Hill (1887) equals any of the works accomplished by her male counterparts. Gemma Smith, Cusp, 2019, Courtesy of Gemma Smith and Sarah Cottier Gallery, Sydney. Lets explore the history of the period and some of the female artists that made their mark. Working side by side, the women artists drew on their experience and cultural knowledge to create seven woven figures representing the sisters and a large woven form with small lights above, referencing the Pleiades star cluster. Recently working at the palest ends of the spectrum, Smith has collaborated with the curators of this exhibition, selecting colours for the walls that delicately shift from room to room, appearing and disappearing like a scent. . A tendency to focus on experiences of colour gradually paved the way towards pure abstraction. While he continued to study art and hone his skills, concentrating on sculpting . Black boys is the common name for the Xanthorrhoea genus of grasstree. In 1913, age 20, he had his first individual exhibition, showing 90 drawings. We pay our respects to all Gadigal elders, past and present, and celebrate the diversity, history and creativity of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Mary Webb, Joie de vivre, 1958, Collection: Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney. The art world in Australia was still dominated by men and women artists were still subject to prejudice from their male counterparts and critics. Adelaide Perry was a key figure in the promotion of linocut in Sydney in the 1920s. Bequest of the artist 1951, Grace Cossington Smith, The Lacquer Room, 193536, Collection: Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney. One of her earliest prints, it was made while Black was studying at Claude Flights Grosvenor School and was exhibited in the first exhibition of linocuts held in Britain, at the Redfern Gallery in 1929. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York. The Australian Flower Paintings of Ferdinand Bauer was published in 1976. . The Ann Lee collection. AGNSW collection Adelaide Perry St. Stephens, Philip St. circa 1928, AGNSW collection Adelaide Perry South coast 1930, AGNSW collection Adelaide Perry Kirribilli (The little steamer) circa 1929, AGNSW collection Mabel Pye Spring morning 1930s. Previous barriers between the realms of fine art, craft and design were gradually dissolved and nowhere was this more apparent than in printmaking. Milking Practice with Artificial Udders 1940 Evelyn Mary Dunbar (1906-1960) IWM (Imperial War Museums) Albert Namatjira 3. She takes erotic scenes from folklore stories from 17th and 18th-century where women are "dangerous active participants, not passive permission givers." 51. Awarded city scholarship to National Art School (East Sydney Technical College) 1933 after Fort St Girls High. Joanna Mendelssohn Art Gallery of New South Wales 2 December 2000 - 25 February 2001. Ruth Maddison, Lola McHaig, 60, Peg Fitzgerald, 64, Laura Thompson, 80, Pat Counihan, 74, Rose Stone, 69, Molly OSullivan, 83, from series Women over sixty, 1992, Kodak (Australasia) Pty Ltd Fund. Rosemary Madigan, Torso, 1948, Purchased 1976. 12 Women of Abstract Expressionism to Know Now. Dorrit Black briefly studied in Adelaide before moving to Sydney in 1915. NAS alumnae Julie Rrap, Fiona Foley, Fiona Hall, Margaret Olleyand lecturerGrace Crowley are featured in this article. Marie McMahon, You are on Aboriginal land, 1986, Gift of Daphne Morgan 2005. Ethel Spowers came from a wealthy Mebourne family, affording her the opportunity for regular travel to Europe for leisure and study. Womens portraits and self-portraits reflect different stories and artistic connections. And Socialism only strengthened gender . When the auto-complete results are available, use the up and down arrows to review and Enter to select. The leadership role of women artists in 20th-century Australia has received considerable scholarly attention (Eagle; Topliss). Kathy Temin, Tombstone garden, 2012, Purchased 2012. List of Women Artists: Up to 17th Century 18th Century 19th Century Early-Mid 20th Century Contemporary Artists Undated . As the readings concluded, Hannah Bleby sang the final section of Byrds Mass, the Agnus dei. He made two versions of this image; the Gallery has the key (black) and colour blocks for another version that is slightly larger in size, which has a few small differences in the image. The National Art School acknowledges the Gadigal peoples of the Eora nations, the traditional owners on whose lands, water and skies we meet and share. The list consists of 374 members. It was inspired by a jazz night at the Dominion Arts Club, London. During the 1920s she became increasingly focused on modernising her practice and in 1927 she left for Europe in order to acquire a definite understanding of the aims and methods of the modern movement and in particular, the cubists. Australian Female Painter. Her story of learning to communicate despite these immense barriers is legendary. Through text, colour and embellishment, other designs referenced biological processes associated with womanhood (reproduction and menstruation) that are rarely discussed publicly but often the basis of discrimination within professional and cultural contexts. Other self-portraits show women following their creative paths with conviction in defiance of the considerable difficulties they faced to become recognised as artists. When the text again changed to contemporary English in the top section, Agatha Gothe-Snape led the reading, the other two voices coming after, phasing in and out, overlapping, as all three wound around the work, increasing their walking pace in concert with the sharply narrowing conical form. Find out more through the link below. Felton Bequest 1910, Bernice Edwell, Portrait of Ida Rentoul Outhwaite, 1917, Gift of Vanessa Martin and Stella Palmer 2015, Bernice Edwell, Dolores Davies, 1919, Collection: National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne. Black reduced these forms to very basic geometric shapes in a compressed picture plane, influenced by the principles of cubism. At this point, Campbell took the lead in reading, with Grant following behind as an echo. AGNSW collection Dorrit Black Naval funeral circa 1945, AGNSW collection Dorrit Black Elizabeth Street, Sydney 1939. Music is among Dorrit Blacks most dynamic compositions. Some of his most popular paintings were inspired by British serial killer John Christie. In the list below, the top priced work is shown for each of the 12 bestselling women artists. The photo artist's pictures were exhibited in 1967 together with those of Garry Winogrand and Lee Friedlander. Credits: Text and images taken from the exhibition at the Ballarat Art Gallery and interspersed with my own comments. Cries from the tower redux premiered at the National Gallery of Australia in May 2021. Belinda Wiltshire - Portraiture and Ceramics, Jane Morris: More than a Pre-Raphaelite Star, Not just her fathers daughter Nora Heysen, See all 122 posts ArtNet. Lyrebird was made before he left Sydney for Europe and reveals the influence of Japanese ukiyo-e woodblock prints in its elegant design, compressed picture plane and colouring. This positioning allowed for a circular reading of the works embroidered text by any member of the public: Dubious letter created its own tacit participatory performance. australian female painters of the 20th century. Spowers first colour prints were made in the Japanese manner, brushing ink on the block so it printed with a painterly texture. Gemma Smith in Part One of Know My Name: Australian Women Artists 1900 to Now. Lyubov Popova was one of the most prolific, and influential women artists of the Russian avant-garde. The discussion of Australian women artists in the 1950s also - as I have already said 1 - is a vast multilayered subject which lacks any institutional authority to frame the story. Tania Ferrier, Shark bra and pants, 1988, Collection: Art Gallery of Western Australia, Perth. John Brack 8. The early 20th century was also an era of travel which saw many women travelling to Europe to study at forward-thinking art schools in London and Paris and other cities. While Dorrit Black in a more modern style, captured the essence of a windy day at the beach in her lino cut, Wings (1927-28). Her career began humbly enough, appearing on local TV shows and singing in small bands. We will look at Dorrit in more detail in a future blog. Working collaboratively under their fashion label Flamingo Park, they drew upon a mutual love for the Australian environment, developing a distinct voice in fashion through bold garments and prints. A pioneer of community-based art in Australia, Vivienne Binns made Tower of Babel with colleagues, friends and family members whom she described as her personal community of influence, respect and care. AGNSW collection Dorrit Black Music 1927-1928. What was Philippa thinking? Sann Mestrom, Me & you (detail), 2018, Purchased 2019. The development of this collection coincided with the escalation of the Me Too movement, a global response to the harassment of women. AGNSW collection Dorrit Black Black boys post 1938. Ann Newmarch, Women hold up half the sky!, 1978, Gift of the artist 1988; For Pammie, 1994, Gift of Louise Dauth 2005, Misses Hampson, The Westbury quilt, 1900 1903, Purchased through the Australian Textiles Fund 1990, Bonita Ely, Murray River punch, 1980, Courtesy of Bonita Ely and Milani Gallery, Brisbane, Jill Orr, Naomi Herzog (photographer), Southern cross to bear and behold (flame); Southern cross to bear and behold (burning), 2009, Courtesy of a private collection, Jo Lloyd, Performers: Deanne Butterworth, Rebecca Jensen, Jo Lloyd; Producer: Michaela Coventry; Composer: Duane Morrison; Costumes: Andrew Treloar, Archive the archive, 2020, Performance commission generously supported by Philip Keir and Sarah Benjamin, Vivienne Binns with collaborators Daphne Anderson, John Abery, Genara Banzon, Lionel Bawden, Ray Beckett, Peter Binns, Beverley Bisset, Elsie Brown, Mike Brown, Erica Burgess, Norma Cairns, Eugene Carchesio, Cheo Chai-Hiang, Virginia Coventry, Rebecca Cummins, Mandhira De Saram, Bryan Doherty, Kate Dugdale, Lois Eastwood, Helen Eager, Bonita Ely, Nola Farman, Ruth Frost, Akira Fujishita, Kunio Fukushima, Tamio Fukushima, Mez Gates, Laurel Grey, Christopher Hodges, Pat Hoffie, Tess Horwitz, Kyomi Ititani, Hiroo Itoh, Josephine Knight, Shoichi Kogure, Steven Holland, Marie Howard, Wayne Hutchins, Narelle Jubelin, Therese Kenyon, Leonie Lane, Lila McLain, Marie McMahon, Seiko Machida, Irene Maher, Maria-Luisa Marino, David Martin, Eichi Matsuda, Jean Nixon, Rod OBrien, Valerie Odewahn, Pat Parker, Elwyn Perkins, Gregory Pryor, Emily Purser, Neil Roberts, Catherine Rogers, Shigeyoshi Satoh, Dalia Shelef, Muriel Smith, Jane Stewart, Osami Tominaga, Peter Tully, Ruth Waller, Meg Walsh, Paul Westbury, Anthea Williams, Alice Whish, Tower of Babel, 1989 continuing, Gift of the artist 2020, r e a, Gamilaraay/Wailwan/Biripi people, Resistance (flag), 1996, Purchased 2004. While softer in tone, Clarice Becketts work looked at phenomena such as the flare of colour at sunrise and sunset. In The Masquerader Hilda Rix Nicholas depicted her sister Elsie for this portrait when the artist developed a fascination for exotic costumes, while travelling in Europe and Morocco. In Beatrice Irwins book, The new science of colour, colour is described as the very song of life and the spiritual speech of every living thing. Inspired by these observations, Grace Cossington Smith became known for the luminous and energetic surfaces of her paintings. Subscribe here to get the latest news events and exhibitions from National Art School. During March 2020, as the heat rose and the wind rolled over the sand dunes on NPY Country, Tjanpi Desert Weavers artists came together to create their most ambitious collaborative work to date, Kungkarangkalpa (Seven Sisters). Flamingo Park (fashion house), Linda Jackson (designer), Jenny Kee (designer), Universal Opal Oz outfit, 1984, Purchased 1985. She lived a long and accomplished life and career. Russian art only got a 'female face' in the early 20th century, thanks to the avant-garde 'amazons'. Vote for Your Favourite Artists Of The 20th Century 1 Del Kathryn Barton, the infinite adjustment of the throatand then, a smile, 2019, Courtesy of Del Kathryn Barton and Roslyn Oxley9, Sydney. Most famous women artists of all time Photograph: Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence 1. She made her first colour linocuts in the early 1930s, exhibiting them over a six-year period with the Victorian Artists Society. Alice Hinton-Bateup, Kamilaroi/Wonnarua peoples, Ruths story, 1988, Gift of Marla Guppy 2019. The exhibition of 197 works, including paintings, prints, drawings and ceramics is taken almost exclusively from the Gallerys collection. Here is a close-up of the centre piece, Kookaburras (1923), by Margaret Preston. Unique to the women who make them, shell necklaces by Lola Greeno and her daughters and nieces connect generations of women. Evelyn Dunbar, the only salaried woman artist during the Second World War, produced a series of pictures of female workers conveyed with dignity and strength as they adapted to the harsh reality of their changing lives. For the Redux, Campbell invited three other performers, Hannah Bleby, Clare Grant and Agatha Gothe-Snape to build a multi-vocal, perambulatory reading-out-loud of Dubious letters embroidered text. Carol Jerrems, selected works from A book about Australian women 197374, Published by Outback Press, Narrm/Melbourne, 1974 , selected works from the Gift of Mrs Joy Jerrems 1981; Gift of the Philip Morris Arts Grant 1982. AGNSW collection Ailsa Lee Brown Sydney trams 1927, AGNSW collection Ailsa Lee Brown Work for the new bridge 1937, AGNSW collection Ailsa Lee Brown Dressmakers 1937, AGNSW collection Adrian Feint The goddess and the aspidistra 1934. Purchased with funds provided by the MCA Foundation, 2015; Wall painting, 2020, Purchased 2020, Kate Vassallo installing Mikala Dwyer, Wall painting, 2020, Purchased 2020, Mikala Dwyer, Square cloud compound, 2010, Collection: Museum of Contemporary Art Australia, Sydney. A few individuals are listed under more than one style. Photo: Peter Morgan. Curators: Deborah Hart, Head Curator, Australian Art and Elspeth Pitt, Curator, Australian Art with Yvette Dal Pozzo, Assistant Curator, Australian Art. Perhaps the most prominent Australian female artist of the early 1900's, Margaret Preston is regarded as one of Australia's leading Modernists. For the artist, the falling ribbon symbolises the promise of escape and overlaps with histories of women held captive in fairy stories, poetry, literature and history alike. Gertrude Abercrombie, Coming Home, 1947, private collection. For the WOMEN runway presentation they cast cis- and transgender models from a range of cultural backgrounds to represent the ways in which womanhood exists in contemporary society. In order to provide a better user experience, website styles have also been disabled. Yayoi Kusama is a Japanese contemporary artist who works primarily in sculpture and installation, but is also active in painting, performance, video art, fashion, poetry, fiction, and other arts. The sky, harbour and foreground trees surge with the same energy as the passing ferries, echoing the dynamic curves of the bridge. Woman in Restaurant, 1934 William Dobell (Australian,1899-1970) Framed photograph of Sue Ford and Micky Allan, framed photograph of Micky Allans 1978 performance exhibition Photography, Drawing, Poetry: A Live-in Show, books and objects all loaned from Micky Allan as part of the installation Mickys Room 2020-2021. The following year she travelled to Europe, studying with Andre Lhote in Paris and later with cubist painter Albert Gleizes, before returning to Sydney in 1929. She was influenced by Japanese prints and the work of Austrian artist Norbertine Bresslern-Roth, whose work was shown in Sydney in the mid 1920s. 8 Tom Roberts (Artist, Painter) 16 Living in a French country chateau she purchased, Bonheur never married. Her work is echoed in that of contemporary painter Gemma Smith, who describes colour as magical in its ability to transform. The sculpture depicted is a bronze Shiva - a Hindu god, rather than the goddess of the title. Albert Marquet (1875-1947) She has remarked: colour and its interactions have become the content of my work. The popular American art movement has plenty of female practitioners. Drawn from the National Gallerys collection and loans from across Australia, it is one of the most comprehensive presentations of art by women assembled in this country to date. Purchased 2011. Contributions by Kelli Cole, Curator, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Art, and Rebecca Edwards, Sid and Fiona Myer Curator Australian Art. Mollie Gowing Acquisition Fund for Contemporary Aboriginal Art, Rosalie Gascoigne, Monaro, 1989, Collection: Art Gallery of Western Australia, Perth. The term "Australian Modern Painting" is a most imprecise description, but it suffices to describe 20th century modern art in Australia up to about 1960, an era which opens with the end of Australian Impressionism (c.1886-1900) - also known as the Heidelberg School - and whose end coincides with the high-point of the career of the great . Speed, colour, design and above all a desire for the new galvanised a new generation of artists, many of them women, into creating prints that were unlike anything seen before in this country. Explore. Here are 15 female artists you should know about.. 1. Elise Blumann, Summer nude, 1939, Collection: University of Western Australia, Perth. In late 2018 - a year that has come to be associated with a renewed critical analysis of the expectations Read more Modern Australian Women: Works from a Private Collection By Maria Quirk, with Beckett Rozentals, Angela Hesson and Petra Kayser. We acknowledge the Gadigal of the Eora Nation, the traditional custodians of the Country on which the Art Gallery of NSW stands. "Spectrum Indigo" 83 cm x 64 cm Acrylic. Stella Bowen, Reclining nude, 1927, Collection: Art Gallery of South Australia, Adelaide. June 14, 2022; can you shoot someone stealing your car in florida . Tjanpi Desert Weavers: Dorcas Tinnimai Bennett (Ngaanyatjarra people), Cynthia Nyungalya Burke (Ngaanyatjarra people), Roma Yanyakarri Butler (Ngaanyatjarra people), Judith Yinyika Chambers, (Ngaanyatjarra people), Chriselda Farmer (Pitjantjatjara people), Polly Pawuya Jackson, (Ngaanyatjarra people), Joyce James (Ngaanyatjarra and Pitjantjatjara people), Eunice Yunurupa Porter (Ngaanyatjarra people), Winifred Puntjina Reid (Ngaanyatjarra people), Rosalie Richards, (Ngaanyatjarra people), Delilah Shepherd (Ngaanyatjarra people), Erica Ikunga Shorty, (Ngaanyatjarra people), Dallas Smythe (Ngaanyatjarra people), Martha Yunurupa Ward, (Ngaanyatjarra people), Nancy Nangawarra Ward (Ngaanyatjarra people), Kungkarangkalpa (Seven Sisters), 2020, Commissioned by the National Gallery of Australia, Canberra 2020, Tjungkara Ken, Pitjantjatjara people, Seven Sisters, 2012, Purchased 2012, Topsy Tjulyata, Pitjantjatjara people, Kungkarangkalpa: Seven Sisters story, 1992, Purchased 1993, Ken Family Collaborative: Freda Brady (Pitjantjatjara people), Sandra Ken (Pitjantjatjara people), Tjungkara Ken (Pitjantjatjara people), Paniny Mick (Pitjantjatjara people), Maringka Tunkin (Pitjantjatjara people), Tingila Yaritji Young (Pitjantjatjara people), Seven Sisters, Purchased 2020, Ken Family Collaborative: Freda Brady (Pitjantjatjara people), Sandra Ken (Pitjantjatjara people), Tjungkara Ken (Pitjantjatjara people), Paniny Mick (Pitjantjatjara people), Maringka Tunkin (Pitjantjatjara people), Tingila Yaritji Young (Pitjantjatjara people), Kangkura-KangkuraKu Tjukurpa A sisters story, 2017, Collection: Art Gallery of South Australia, Adelaide. AGNSW collection Ethel Spowers The plough 1929. Early-Mid 20th Century Women Artists. Share by Email, Copyright 2020 NAS | Website by Symbiosys. Sidney Nolan She wrote, Here I am transmitting the actions of Philippa and what I know of her life, into a dance, 45 years after her death. Less well known is Jane Sutherland part of the same group. Since meeting and forming a creative partnership in the early 1970s, Jenny Kee and Linda Jackson have become pioneering figures in fashion design. Know My Name: Australian Women Artists 1900 to Now will continue its evolution as one of the most comprehensive exhibitions of art by women ever assembled in Australia. After moving to Europe in 1884, the artist was warmly welcomed by Parisian high society. She saw herself as a cubist, suprematist and constructivist. Dwyer grew up visiting the site and has had a long engagement with its ghosts. One of the most, ruby-like effects in "On With the Show" is the hunting scene. The face shows fine detail, accentuated by the bold brush strokes of the background. On this occasion, Canberra-based soprano, Hannah Bleby sang the Kyrie eleison from a long vertical aperture high above the performers and audience. Women were originally denied from attending life drawing classes at art schools. List Gallery Activity 1. DI$COUNT UNIVER$E (fashion house): Cami James (designer), Nadia Napreychikov (designer), 'Not for reproduction' gown, Gift of the artists 2020. Purchased 1918. He scripted history by becoming the youngest artist to have had his painting purchased by the Tate Gallery. Sold for 360 inc. premium . List of Women Artists: Up to 17th Century 18th Century . Artist Janet Dawson observed that abstract work is a great joy If you can empty your mind of chatter, and just live with the work for a few minutes, you find this enormous release into a mode of thought that is beyond speech., Installation view: Colour, light and abstraction, Anne Dangar, Plate, c 1935, Gift of Ruth Ainsworth 1998; Plate, c 1932, Gift of Grace Buckley in memory of Grace Crowley 1982; Plate, c 1935, Bequest of Michael Fizelle 1985; Plate, c 1937, Purchased 1978, Dorrit Black, The olive plantation, 1946, Collection: Art Gallery of South Australia, Adelaide. Watch. This is a rare industrial subject for the artist; her focus is on the construction workers and their equipment, the print displaying her command of modernist design principles in the utilisation of compositional devices such as strong diagonals, and hatching to create volume and tone. In transferring the image to the linoblock for cutting, the artist would have needed to reverse the image, perhaps through the use of a transitional drawing, now lost. The Frugal Meal (circa 1936) by Hilda Rix Nichols, captures very simple food, at a time when even bread and fruit was often in short supply or families had limited funds. The list 20th-century Australian painters includes Brett Whiteley, Howard Arkley, Stella Bowen, Norman Lindsay and Nigel Thomson . Gemma Smith is a passionate researcher of colour, using her work to explore its subtleties and behaviours. Here is just a small selection, although difficult to see the detail, of artists which include Helen Ogilvie, Megan Thomas, Ethleen Palmer, Norbertine Bresslern-Roth and Margaret Preston.